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Main characteristics and uses of titanium materials
The difference between industrial pure titanium and chemical pure titanium
Iodine titanium:
This is high-purity titanium obtained by the iodide method,hence called iodine titanium,or chemically pure titanium.However,it still contains interstitial impurity elements such as oxygen,nitrogen,and carbon,which greatly affect the mechanical properties of pure titanium.As the purity of titanium increases,its strength and hardness significantly decrease.Therefore,its characteristics are:good chemical stability,but low strength.
Industrial pure titanium:
The difference between industrial pure titanium and chemically pure titanium is that it contains more oxygen,nitrogen,carbon,and various other impurity elements(such as iron,silicon,etc.).It is essentially a low-alloy titanium alloy.Compared to chemically pure titanium,the presence of more impurity elements greatly increases its strength,and its mechanical properties are similar to those of stainless steel(but still lower than titanium alloys).
The characteristics of industrial pure titanium are:low strength,but good plasticity,easy to process into shape,good stamping,welding,and machinability;it has good corrosion resistance in the atmosphere,seawater,humid chlorine gas,and oxidative,neutral,and weakly reducing media,with oxidation resistance superior to most austenitic stainless steels but poorer heat resistance,with a not very high operating temperature.
Industrial pure titanium is classified into three grades:TA1,TA2,and TA3,based on the different impurity content.The interstitial impurity elements in these three grades of industrial pure titanium increase gradually,thus their mechanical strength and hardness also increase step by step,but plasticity and toughness correspondingly decrease.
The commonly used pure titanium in industry is TA2,due to its moderate corrosion resistance and comprehensive mechanical properties.TA3 can be used when higher corrosion resistance and strength are required.TA1 can be used when better forming properties are needed.
α-type titanium alloy:
This type of alloy has anα-phase single-phase state at room temperature and operating temperatures,cannot be strengthened by heat treatment(annealing is the only treatment method),and mainly relies on solid solution strengthening.The room temperature strength is generally lower than that ofβ-type andα+β-type titanium alloys(but higher than industrial pure titanium),while at high temperatures(500℃--600℃),its strength and stability are the highest among the three types of titanium alloys,with good oxidation resistance and welding performance,as well as good corrosion resistance and machinability,but low plasticity(still good thermoplasticity)and poor room temperature stamping performance.The widely used one is TA7,which has moderate strength and sufficient plasticity in the annealed state,good welding performance,can be used below 500℃,and when its interstitial impurity elements(oxygen,hydrogen,nitrogen,etc.)are extremely low,it also has good toughness and comprehensive mechanical properties at ultra-low temperatures,making it one of the excellent ultra-low temperature alloys.
β-type titanium alloy:
The main alloying elements of this type of alloy are molybdenum,chromium,vanadium,and otherβ-stabilizing elements.It is easy to retain the high-temperatureβphase at room temperature during normalizing or quenching,obtaining a metastableβsingle-phase structure,hence calledβ-type titanium alloy.
β-type titanium alloys can be strengthened by heat treatment,have high strength,and good welding and pressure processing performance;however,their performance is not stable enough,and the smelting process is complex,so their application is not as widespread asα-type andα+β-type titanium alloys.
α+β-type titanium alloy:
This type of alloy has anα+βtwo-phase structure at high temperatures,hence the nameα+β-type titanium alloy.It has good comprehensive mechanical properties,most can be strengthened by heat treatment(but TC1,TC2,TC7 cannot be heat-treated),good forging,stamping,and welding performance,and can be machined,with high room temperature strength.It has good heat resistance below 150--500 degrees,and some(such as TC1,TC2,TC3,TC4)also have good low-temperature toughness and good resistance to seawater stress corrosion and thermal salt stress corrosion.The downside is that it is not stable enough.
This type of alloy,represented by TC4,is widely used,accounting for about half of the current titanium alloy production.This alloy not only has good mechanical properties at room temperature,high temperature,and low temperature,but also has excellent corrosion resistance in various media,and can be welded,cold and hot formed,and heat-treated;thus,it has been widely applied in aerospace,shipbuilding,weaponry,and chemical industries.
Titanium,Oxygen,Nitrogen,Carbon
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